Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) adalah sebuah gerakan aktivis anti-Apartheid akar rumput yang muncul di Afrika Selatan pada pertengahan 1960an saat keluar dari vakum politik yang dibuat dengan menahan dan mencekal kepemimpinan Kongres Nasional Afrika dan Kongres Pan Afrikanis setelah Pembantaian Sharpeville pada 1960.[1] BCM mewakili gerakan politik untuk hati nurani politik.
Referensi
suntingBacaan tambahan
sunting- Taylor Branch, At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965โ68, Simon & Schuster, 2006.
- Amatoritsero (Godwin) Ede, The Black Consciousness Movement in South African Literature.
- George M. Fredrickson (1981), White Supremacy: a Comparative Study of American and South African History, Oxford University Press USA, 1995.
- Gail M. Gerhart, Black Power in South Africa: the Evolution of an Ideology, University of California Press, 1979.
- Thomas G. Karis, Gail M. Gerhart, From Protest to Challenge: Nadir and Resurgence, 1964-1979, vol. 5: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882 - 1990, Unisa Press, 1997.
Pranala luar
sunting- The BCM in South African literature Diarsipkan 2006-05-24 di Wayback Machine.
- Interview with Mamphela Ramphele Diarsipkan 2013-07-14 di Wayback Machine.
- The relevance of Black Consciousness today Diarsipkan 2022-03-27 di Wayback Machine., 2010
- Black Consciousness in Dialogue: Steve Biko, Richard Turner and the โDurban Momentโ in South Africa, 1970 โ 1974, Ian McQueen, SOAS, 2009
- "Tribute: Strini Moodley's Legacy"[pranala nonaktif permanen] Economic and Political Weekly, 3 June 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
- Columbia University research page on the BCM. Diarsipkan 2010-06-22 di Wayback Machine.
- Bikoism or Mbekism? Thesis on Biko's Black Consciousness in contemporary South Africa
- Black Consciousness in South Africa, by Nigel Gibson
- New introduction to Biko's I Write What I Like Diarsipkan 2016-02-19 di Wayback Machine., by Lewis Gordon, 2007
- Steve Biko: The Black Consciousness Movement Diarsipkan 2020-12-12 di Wayback Machine.
