| ใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ช่พๅ
ธ Oxford English Dictionary | ||
|---|---|---|
 ็ฌฌ2็ | ||
| ่่ |
ใธใงใณใปใทใณใใฝใณ ใจใใขใณใใปใฆใฃใใผ | |
| ็บ่กๆฅ | 1928ๅนด | |
| ็บ่กๅ | ใชใใฏในใใฉใผใๅคงๅญฆๅบ็ๅฑ | |
| ใธใฃใณใซ | ่พๅ ธ | |
| ๅฝ |
 ใคใฎใชใน | |
| ่จ่ช | ่ฑ่ช | |
| ใใผใธๆฐ | 22000[1] | |
| ๅไฝ | OED1 | |
| ใณใผใ | ISBNย 0-19-861186-2 | |
| ||
ใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ช่พๅ ธใ(ใชใใฏในใใฉใผใใใใใใฆใใ่ฑ: Oxford English Dictionary) ใฏใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใๅคงๅญฆๅบ็ๅฑใๅ่กใใ่จ่ฟฐ็่ฑ่ช่พๅ ธใงใใ[2]ใ็ฅ็งฐใฏOEDใใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ชๅคง่พๅ ธใใจใๅผใฐใใใไธ็ไธญใฎๅคๆงใช่ฑ่ชใฎ็จๆณใ่จ่ฟฐใใใ ใใงใชใใ่ฑ่ชใฎๆญดๅฒ็็บๅฑใใ่พฟใฃใฆใใใๅญฆ่ ใๅญฆ่ก็ ็ฉถ่ ใซๅฏพใใฆๅ ๆฌ็ใชๆ ๅ ฑๆบใๆไพใใฆใใ[3][4]ใ
ๆฆ่ฆ
็ทจ้2015ๅนด็พๅจใฎๆๆฐ็ใงใใ็ฌฌ2็ (1989ๅนดๅ่ก) ใฏๆฌไฝ20ๅทป (็ดฏ่จ21,730้ ) ใจ่ฃ้บ3ๅทป (็ดฏ่จ1,022้ ) ใใๆงๆใใใไธป่ฆใช่ฆๅบใ่ชๆฐใฏ291,500ใๅฎ็พฉใพใใฏๅณ่ชฌใฎใใๅฐ่ฆๅบใ่ชใใใฎไปใฎ้ ็ฎใๅซใใใจ615,100ใใใฎใใก็บ้ณใ่จ่ผใใ้ ็ฎใฏ139,900ใ่ชๆบใ่จ่ผใใ้ ็ฎใฏ219,800ใ็จไพใฎๅผ็จใ่จ่ผใใ้ ็ฎใฏ2,436,600ใงใใ[5]ใใใฉใณใใฃใขๆนๅผใซใใใๅคใใฎ็จๆณใๆๅณใชใฉใฎๅ้ใซๆๅใใใ
ใใฎ่พๅ ธใฏๅคไปๆฑ่ฅฟใฎ่ฑ่ชใฎๆ็ฎใซ็พใใใในใฆใฎ่ชๅฝใซใคใใฆใ่ชๅฝขใจใใฎๅคๅใป่ชๆบใปๆ็ฎๅๅบๅนดไปฃใปๆ็ฎไธใฎ็จไพใฎๅๆใปๅณๅฏใช่ช็พฉๅบๅใจใใฎๅคๅใซ้ขใใๆใๅ ๆฌ็ใช่จ่ฟฐใ่กใใใจใใใฎ็น้ทใจใใใใฎใในใปใฏใผใซใใปใฌใณใผใบใซใใใฐใ็ด600,000่ชใๅ้ฒใใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ช่พๅ ธใฏไธ็ใงๆใๅ ๆฌ็ใชๅไธใฎ่จ่ชใซใใ่พๆธๅ่ก็ฉใงใใ[6]ใ
Open Directory ProjectใฏใWorld Wide Webไธใฎใฆใงใใใฃใฌใฏใใชใฎๅ้ใงใใใฎๆนๆณใ่ธ่ฅฒใใฆใใใ
็ทจ็บใป็บ่กๅฒ
็ทจ้1857ๅนดใ่จ่ชๅญฆๅไผใซใใฃใฆ็ทจ็บใ้ๅงใใใ[7](pp103โ4,112)ใ
1884ๅนด2ๆ1ๆฅใๆช่ฃฝๆฌใฎๅๅ็ใๅใใฆ็บ่กใใใใใaใใใใantใใพใงใ็ถฒ็พ ใใ352ใใผใธใฎๆฌใฎไธ้จใงใใฃใ[8]ใใใไปฅ้ใ A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society (NED) ใฎๅใฎไธใซ็ทจ็บไบๆฅญใฏ็ถ็ถใใใ[9](p169)ใ
1895ๅนดใThe Oxford English Dictionary (OED) ใฎ่กจ้กใๆๅใซไฝฟ็จใใใๅๅ็ใ้ๅ ฌๅผใซ็บ่กใใใ[10]ใ
1928ๅนดใๅ จ10ๅทปใซ่ฃฝๆฌใใใๅฎๅ จ็ใๅ็บ่กใใใใ
1933ๅนดใ12ๅใฎๅๅใจ1ๅใฎ่ฃ้บ็ใจใใฆๅขๅทใใใ้ใ่พๅ ธใฎ่กจ้กใใในใฆThe Oxford English Dictionary (OED) ใซ็ฝฎใๆใใใใ[10]ใไปฅๅพใ็ฌฌ2็ๅ่กใพใง่ฃ้บใ้ใญใ[10]ใ
1988ๅนดใๆๅใฎ้ปๅญ็ใ่ฃฝไฝใใใๅฉ็จๅฏ่ฝใจใชใใ
1989ๅนดใๅ จ20ๅทปใใๆใ็ฌฌ2็ใๅ่กใใใใ
2000ๅนดใใชใณใฉใคใณ็ใๅฉ็จๅฏ่ฝใจใชใใ2014ๅนด4ๆๆ็นใงใไธใๆใซ200ไธไปถใ่ถ ใใใขใฏใปในๆฐใใใฃใใ
ๅๅนดใ็ฌฌ3็ใฎ็ทจ็บใ้ๅงใใใใ2014ๅนด็พๅจใพใงใซๅ จๅทฅ็จใฎใใใ3ๅใฎ1ใๅฎไบใใฆใใใ็ฌฌ3็ใฏใใใใ้ปๅญๅชไฝใงใฎใฟ็บ่กใใใใจใฟใใใฆใใใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใๅคงๅญฆๅบ็ๅฑใฎๆ้ซ็ตๅถ่ฒฌไปป่ ใงใใใใคใธใงใซใปใใผใใฆใใใฏใๆธ็ฑๅฐๅท็ใซใคใใฆใใใถใๅบ็ใใใชใใ ใใใใจ่ฟฐในใฆใใ[11][12]ใ
ๆญดๅฒ็ๆงๆ ผ
็ทจ้ๆญดๅฒ็ใช่พๆธใจใใฆOEDใฏใๅใซๅ่ชใฎ็พๅจใฎ็จๆณใ็คบใใฎใงใฏใชใใใใใใใใใฎๆญดๅฒ็็บๅฑใ็คบใใใจใซใใใๅ่ชใ่ชฌๆใใฆใใ[13]ใใใใใใซใใใงใซไฝฟใใใชใใชใฃใๅ่ชใฎๆๅณใๅซใใฆใๅ่ชใฎๆๅณใฎไฝฟใใๅงใใ้ ใซๅฎ็พฉใ็คบใใฆใใใๅๅฎ็พฉใฏๅคใใฎ็ญใ็จไพใๅผ็จใจใจใใซ็คบใใใฆใใใๅๅฅใซใฟใใจใๆๅใฎๅผ็จใฏใ็ทจ้่ ใใ็ฅใฃใฆใใไธญใงใใใฎๅ่ชใซ้ขใใๆๅใซ่จ้ฒใใใไพใ็คบใใฆใใใ็พๅจใฎ็จๆณใซใฏใชใๅ่ชใๆๅณใฎๅฎไพใซใใใฆใฏใๆๅพใฎๅผ็จใใๆๅพใซ็ฅใใ่จ้ฒใใใ็จๆณใงใใใใจใ็คบใใฆใใใใใใซใใใ่ชญ่ ใฏ็พๅจไฝฟใใใฆใใ็นๅฎใฎๅ่ชใฎใใใใใฎๆไปฃ็ๆ่ฆใ็ฅใใใจใใงใใใใใใฆใ่ฟฝๅ ็ใชๅผ็จใซใใใ่พๆธ็ทจ้่ ใๆไพใงใใใฉใใช่ชฌๆใใใใใใฎๅ่ชใๆ่ใฎไธญใงใฉใฎใใใซไฝฟใใใฆใใใใซใคใใฆใฎๆ ๅ ฑใ่ชญ่ ใ็ขบใใใใใจใๅฉใใฆใใใ
OEDใฎ้ ็ฎใฎๅฝขๅผใฏใไปใฎๅคใใฎ่พๆธ็ทจ้ไบๆฅญใซๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใใใฐใชใ ๅ ๅผใฎใDeutsches WรถrterbuchใใฎๅๆใฎๅทปใฎใใใชOEDใซๅฏพใใๅ ้ง่ ใฏใๅฝๅ้ใใใๆฐใฎๆ ๅ ฑๆบใใใใๅผ็จใๆไพใใฆใใชใใฃใใOEDใฎ็ทจ้่ ใใใๅบ็ฏใชไฝๅฎถใๅบ็็ฉใชใฉใฎ้ธ้ใใใฎใใชใ็ญใๅผ็จใฎใใๅคงใใชใฐใซใผใใๅฅฝใใง้ธใใ ใใจใฏใใDeutsches Wรถrterbuchใใฎๅพใฎๅทปใไปใฎ่พๆธ็ทจ้ๆณใซๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใ[14]ใ
้ ็ฎๆฐใจ็ธๅฏพ็ๅคงใใ
็ทจ้ๅบ็่ ใใซใใใฐใOED็ฌฌ2็ใฎ่งฃ่ชฌๆฌๆใๅซใใ5900ไธใซๅใถๅ่ชใไธไบบใฎไบบ้ใใในใฆใญใผๅ ฅๅใใใฎใซใฏ120ๅนดใใใใซๆ กๆญฃใใใฎใซ60ๅนดใใใใจใใใใพใใ้ปๅญใใผใฟๅใใฆไฟๅญใใใใจใใใจ540ใกใฌใใคใใฎๅฎน้ใๅฟ ่ฆใซใชใ[15]ใ2005ๅนด11ๆ30ๆฅๆ็นใงใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ช่พๅ ธใซใฏใ็ด301,100ใฎไธป้ ็ฎใๅ้ฒใใใฆใใใใใใใ่ฃใๅฝขใงใใใใซ157,000ใฎๅคชๅญใง็คบใใใ่คๅ่ชใๆดพ็่ช[ๆณจ 1]ใ169,000ใฎๆๅญไฝใง็คบใใใๅฅใ่คๅ่ช[17]ใ ๅ จ้จใง616,500ใฎ่ชๅฝขใ137,000ใฎ็บ้ณใ249,300ใฎ่ชๆบใ577,000ใฎ็ธไบๅ็ ง๏ผใฏใญในใชใใกใฌใณใน๏ผใใใใณ2,412,400ใฎ่ชๆณใปๅผ็จใ่จใใใฆใใใOEDใฎๆๆฐใใคๅฎๅ จใชๅฐๅท็ใงใใ็ฌฌ2็๏ผ1989ๅนด็บ่ก๏ผใฏใๅ จ20ๅทปใงๅฐๅทใใใ21,730ใใผใธใซ291,500ใฎ้ ็ฎใใๆงๆใใใฆใใใOED็ฌฌ2็ใงๆใ่จ่ฟฐ้จใฎ้ทใ้ ็ฎใฏใๅ่ฉใจใใฆใฎsetใงใ430ใฎๆๅณใ่จ่ฟฐใใใฎใซ60,000่ชใ่ฆใใฆใใใOED็ฌฌ3็ใซๅใใฆใๅ้ ็ฎใฏMใใ้ ใซๆน่จใใๅงใใใใจใงใๆใๅคใใฎ็ด้ขใ่ฆใใ้ ็ฎ๏ผๅ่ช๏ผใฏๅค้ทใใฆใใใ2000ๅนดใซใฏmakeใซใ2007ๅนดใซใฏputใซใใใใฆ2011ๅนดใซใฏrunใซใชใฃใ[18][19][20]
ใใฎๅฐ่ฑก็ใชใตใคใบใซใใใใใใใOEDใฏไธ็ๆๅคงใฎ่พๅ ธใงใไธ็ใงๆใๆฉใใซ็ถฒ็พ ็ใซไฝใใใ่จ่ชใฎ่พๅ ธใงใใชใใOEDใจไผผใใใใช็ฎ็ใใใคใชใฉใณใใฎใWoordenboek der Nederlandsche Taalใใไธ็ๆๅคงใงใๅฎๆใใใฎใซOEDใฎ2ๅไปฅไธใฎๆ้ใใใใฃใฆใใใใใฎใปใใฎๅๆใฎๅคงๅ่พๅ ธใฏใใฐใชใ ๅ ๅผใฎใDeutsches Wรถrterbuchใใงใ1838ๅนดใซ็ทจ็บใๅงใพใใ1961ๅนดใซๅฎๆใใใ่ฟไปฃใฎใจใผใญใใ่จ่ชใซๆงใใใใๆๅใฎๅคง่พๅ ธใงใใใVocabolario della Cruscaใใฎๅ็ใฏใ1612ๅนดใซ็บ่กใใใใใDictionnaire de l'Acadรฉmie franรงaiseใใฎๅ็ใฏ1694ๅนดใซใพใง้กใใในใใคใณ่ชใฎๅ ฌๅผ่พๅ ธใDiccionario de la lengua espaรฑolaใ๏ผใฌใขใซใปใขใซใใใขใปใจในใใใงใผใฉใซใใไผ็ปใป็ทจ้ใปๅบ็ใใใ๏ผใฎๅ็ใฏใ1780ๅนดใซๅบ็ใใใฆใใใไธญๅฝ่ชใฎๅบท็ๅญๅ ธใฏ1716ๅนดใซๅ่กใใใฆใใ[21]ใ
ไปใฎใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ช่พๆธใจใฎ้ขไฟ
็ทจ้OEDใฎๅฎ็จๆงใจๆญดๅฒ็่พๆธใจใใฆใฎๅๅฃฐใฏใใใฎๅ จใฆใOED่ชไฝใจ็ดๆฅใฎ้ขไฟใซใใ่จณใงใฏใชใใซใใใๅคใใฎๆๆใจใชใไบๆฅญใไปใฎใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใใใจๅ ใใ่พๆธใฎๆฐใ ใ็ใฟๅบใใใ
ๅ ใ ใฏ1902ๅนดใซๅงใพใใ1933ๅนดใซๅฎๆใใ[22]ใThe Shorter Oxford English DictionaryใใฏใOEDใฎๅฎๆๅใฎ็ฐก็ด็ใงใใใๆญดๅฒ็่ฆ็นใไฟใฃใฆใใใใใทใงใคใฏในใใขใใใซใใณใในใใณใตใผใๆฌฝๅฎ่จณ่ๆธใซใใ็จใใใใๅ่ชใ้คใใฆใฏใ1700ๅนดไปฅๅใซๅปใใๅ่ชใฏๅ จใๅซใพใใฆใใชใ[23]ใๅฎๅ จใชๆฐ็ใฏOED็ฌฌ2็ใใไฝใใใ1993ๅนดใซๅบ็ใใใ[24]ใปใใใใใชใๆน่จ็ใใใใ่ฟฝใใใใซ2002ๅนดใจ2007ๅนดใซๅ่กใใใใ
ใThe Concise Oxford Dictionaryใใฏใใใใจใฏ็ฐใชใไฝๅใงใใใฎ็ฎ็ใฏ็พไปฃ่ฑ่ชใฎใฟใใซใใผใใใใจใซใใใๆญดๅฒ็่ฆ็นใฏๅใๅ ฅใใฆใใชใใใใฎใปใจใใฉใOED็ฌฌ1็ใๅบใซ็ทจใพใใๅ็ใฏใใใฉใณใทในใปใธใงใผใธใปใใกใฆใฉใผใจใใณใชใผใปใฏใใฝใณใปใใกใฆใฉใผใซใใ็ทจ้ใใใไธปใชไฝๅใๅฎๆใใๅใฎ1911ๅนดใซๅบ็ใใใ[25]ใใใใคใใฎๆน่จ็ใฏใ20ไธ็ดใ้ใใฆ็บ่กใใใ่ฑ่ชใฎ่ชๆณใฎๅคๅใซๅฟใใฆใๆดๆฐใใ็ถใใฆใใใ
1998ๅนดใใๆฐใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ฑ่พๅ ธใ (NODE) ใๅบ็ใใใใNODEใฏ็พไปฃ่ฑ่ชใใซใใผใใ็ฎ็ใชใฎใ ใใOEDใซๅบใฅใใชใ็ทจ้ไฝๆฅญใ่กใใใใใใฎไปฃใใซใใณใผใใน่จ่ชๅญฆใฎๅฉใใๅใใๅ จใๆฐใใ่ฑ่ช่พๅ ธใจใใฆ็ใฟๅบใใใ[26]ใNODEใๅบ็ใใใใจใใใใซไผผใๅ จใๆฐใใใConcise Oxford Dictionaryใใ่ฟฝๅพใใไปๅบฆใฏOEDใใใใใใNODEใฎ็ฐก็ฅ็ใซๅบใฅใใ่พๅ ธใจใชใฃใใNODEใฏ๏ผOxford Dictionary of English; ODEใจใใๆฐใใ่กจ้กใฎไธ๏ผใใNew Oxford American Dictionaryใใๅซใใฆใ็พๅจใฏๅญฆๅ็ใชๆญดๅฒ็่พๆธใฎๅบ็คใจใใฆใฎใฟไพใใใOEDใจใจใใซใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใใฎ็พไปฃ่ฑ่ช่พๆธใฎ็็ฃใฉใคใณใซใจใฃใฆไธป่ฆใชๆบๆณใงใใ็ถใใฆใใใ
็ถดใ
็ทจ้OEDใฏใ่ฆๅบใ่ชใ๏ผlabor, centerใชใฉใฎ๏ผ็ฐใชใ็ถดใใจใจใใซใ่ฑๅฝๅผ็ถดใใง่กจ่จใใฆใใ๏ผไพ: labour, centre๏ผใๆฅๅฐพ่พใซใคใใฆใฏใใคใฎใชใน่ฑ่ชใงใฏใใใไธ่ฌ็ใซ-iseใจ็ถดใใใใใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใๅคงๅญฆๅบ็ๅฑใฎๆน้ใงใฏใ-izeใจ็ถดใใใใๆ็คบใใใฆใใใไพใใฐใrealizeใจrealiseใglobalizationใจglobalisationใชใฉใงใใใใใฎ็่ซ็ๆ นๆ ใฏใ่ชๆบๅญฆ็ใซใใฎ่ฑ่ชใฎๆฅๅฐพ่พใฏไธปใซใฎใชใทใฃ่ชใฎๆฅๅฐพ่พใงใใ-ฮนฮถฮตฮนฮฝ, (-izein)ใใพใใฏใฉใใณ่ชใฎ-izฤreใใๆดพ็ใใฆใใ็นใซใใ[27]ใ-zeใๆๆใขใกใชใซใใบใ ใจใใฆๆฑใใใใใ-zeใฎๆฅๅฐพ่พใใใฎๅ่ชใฎๆฌๆฅๅฑใใฆใใชใใฃใใจใใใธ็ดใ่พผใใ ้ใใงใใคใฎใชใน่ฑ่ชใงใฏanalyseใใใใฆใขใกใชใซ่ฑ่ชใงใฏanalyzeใจใใใใใ็ถดใใใ[28][29]ใ
่ๆณจ
็ทจ้ๆณจ้
็ทจ้ๅบๅ ธ
็ทจ้- ^ OED2 from Amazon.com
- ^ โOEDโ (online). Oxford University Press. 2010ๅนด8ๆ3ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ "As a historical dictionary, the OED is very different from those of current English, in which the focus is on present-day meanings." [1]
- ^ "The OED is a historical dictionary, with a structure that is very different from that of a dictionary of current English."[2]
- ^ โDictionary factsโ. 2012ๅนด5ๆ21ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ โOxford Dictionaryโ. Customessaysservice.com (2012ๅนด3ๆ7ๆฅ). 2012ๅนด5ๆ20ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. ISBNย 0-06-083978-3
- ^ โFeb 1, 1884 CE: First Publication of the Oxford English Dictionaryโ. National Geographic (2023ๅนด10ๆ19ๆฅ). 2024ๅนด6ๆ22ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Winchester, Simon (2003). The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBNย 978-0198607021
- ^ a b c โHistory of the OEDโ (online). OED.com, Oxford University Press. 2012ๅนด2ๆ18ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Jamieson (2010ๅนด8ๆ29ๆฅ). โOxford English Dictionary 'will not be printed again'โ. The Telegraph. 2012ๅนด8ๆ11ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Flanagan, Padraic (2014ๅนด4ๆ20ๆฅ). โRIP for OED as world's finest dictionary goes out of printโ. The Telegraph 2014ๅนด6ๆ8ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ โThe Oxford English Dictionaryโ. Oxford Dictionaries. 2015ๅนด5ๆ26ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Osselton, Noel (2000). โMurray and his European Counterpartsโ. In Mugglestone, Lynda. Lexicography and the OED: Pioneers in the Untrodden Forest. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBNย 0191583464
- ^ โDictionary Factsโ. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 2014ๅนด6ๆ1ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ โPreface to the Second Edition: General explanations: Combinationsโ. Oxford English Dictionary Online (1989ๅนด). 2008ๅนด5ๆ16ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Italicised combinations are obvious from their parts (for example television aerial), unlike bold combinations. โPreface to the Second Edition: General explanations: Combinationsโ. Oxford English Dictionary Online (1989ๅนด). 2008ๅนด5ๆ16ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Winchester, Simon (2011ๅนด5ๆ28ๆฅ). โA Verb for Our Frantic Timeโ. The New York Times 2013ๅนด12ๆ26ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
{{cite news}}:|publisher=ใงใฏๅคชๅญใจใคใฟใชใใฏไฝใฏไฝฟใใพใใใ (่ชฌๆ)โ - ^ Simpson (2007ๅนด12ๆ13ๆฅ). โDecember 2007 revisions โ Quarterly updatesโ. Oxford English Dictionary Online. OED. 2010ๅนด8ๆ3ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Gilliver, Peter (2013). โMake, put, run: Writing and rewriting three big verbs in the OEDโ. Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 34 (34): 10โ23. doi:10.1353/dic.2013.0009 2014ๅนด6ๆ8ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ.
- ^ โKangxi Dictionaryโ. cultural-china.com. 2013ๅนด10ๆ21ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Burnett, Lesley S. (1986). โMaking it short: The Shorter Oxford English Dictionaryโ. ZuriLEX '86 Proceedings: 229โ233 2014ๅนด6ๆ7ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ.
- ^ Blake, G. Elizabeth; Bray, Tim; Tompa, Frank Wm (1992). โShortening the OED: Experience with a Grammar-Defined Databaseโ. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 10 (3): 213โ232. doi:10.1145/146760.146764 2014ๅนด7ๆ29ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ.
- ^ Brown, Lesley, ed (1993). The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBNย 978-0-19-861134-9
- ^ (facsimile reprint) The Concise Oxford Dictionary: The Classic First Edition. Oxford University Press. (2011). ISBNย 978-0-19-969612-3
- ^ Quinion, Michael (2010ๅนด9ๆ18ๆฅ). โReview: Oxford Dictionary of Englishโ. World Wide Words. 2014ๅนด7ๆ29ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ โ-ize, suffixโ. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 2014ๅนด6ๆ1ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ โVerbs ending in -ize, -ise, -yze, and -yseย : Oxford Dictionaries Onlineโ. Askoxford.com. 2010ๅนด8ๆ3ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ See also -ise/-ize at American and British English spelling differences.
ๅ่ๆ็ฎ
็ทจ้- Simon Winchester ่ใ้ดๆจไธป็จ ่จณใๅๅฃซใจ็ไบบ๏ผไธ็ๆ้ซใฎ่พๆธOEDใฎ่ช็็ง่ฉฑใๆฉๅทๆธๆฟใ1999ๅนดใISBNย 4-15-208220-8ใใใคใซใฏๆๅบซใ2006ๅนด
- Simon Winchester ่ใ่ ้จๆๅพณ ่จณใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ชๅคง่พๅ ธ็ฉ่ชใ็ ็ฉถ็คพใ2004ๅนดใISBNย 4-32-745176-2ใ
- ่ฅฟๅฑฑไฟใใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ช่พๅ ธ็ฌฌ3็๏ผ2010ๅนด็บ่ก๏ผใใฎๆ ๅ ใจๅฝฑใ่ฑๅฎ็คพใ2004ๅนดใISBNย 4-26-977030-9ใ
- Ammon Shea ่ใ็ฐๆๅนธ่ช ่จณใใใใฆใๅใฏOEDใ่ชญใใ ใไธ็ๅ ใ2010ๅนดใISBNย 978-4-38536469-8ใ
้ข้ฃ้ ็ฎ
็ทจ้- ใธใงใผใ ใบใปใใฌใผ - ็ทจ้ไธปๅนน
- HใปJใปRใปใใฌใผ - ใธใงใผใ ใบใปใใฌใผใฎๆฏๅญใ็ทจ้ใๆไผใฃใฆใใใ
- ใฆใฃใชใขใ ใปใใคใใผ
- CใปTใปใชใใชใณใบ - ็ทจ้่
- JใปRใปRใปใใผใซใญใณ - ้ ็ฎใฎไธ้จๅท็ญใๆ ๅฝ
- ใตใใฅใจใซใปใธใงใณใฝใณ - ใชใใฏในใใฉใผใ่ฑ่ช่พๅ ธใๅบใไปฅๅใฎ็ด150ๅนด้ๅฎ็ชใงใใฃใ่พๆธใย (A Dictionary of the English Language)ย ใใฎ็ทจ้่
- ๅๅฃซใจ็ไบบ - ็ทจ้ใฎ็ต็ทฏใๆใใๆ ็ปใ
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