Kepausan Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) dimulai pada 2 Maret 1939 dan berlangsung hingga 9 Oktober 1958, mencakup masa Perang Dunia II dan Holokaus, ketika jutaan orang Yahudi dibunuh oleh Jerman di bawah Adolf Hitler.[1] Sebelum menjadi Paus, Kardinal Pacelli pernah bertugas sebagai diplomat Vatikan di Jerman dan menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Negara Vatikan di bawah Paus Pius XI. Perannya selama periode Nazi banyak diteliti dan menuai kritik. Para pendukungnya berpendapat bahwa Pius menggunakan jalur diplomasi untuk membantu korban Nazi selama perang, dan melalui arahan kepada Gereja agar memberikan bantuan secara diam-diam kepada orang Yahudi maupun pihak lain, ia berhasil menyelamatkan ratusan ribu nyawa.[2] Pius juga menjalin hubungan dengan kelompok Perlawanan Jerman serta berbagi informasi intelijen dengan pihak Sekutu. Namun, pada saat yang sama ia membangun aliansi dengan Jerman Nazi dan Italia Fasis, bahkan mengatur negosiasi rahasia dengan utusan Hitler.[3] Pernyataan publiknya yang paling keras dalam mengecam genosida dianggap tidak memadai oleh pihak Sekutu, sementara Nazi menilainya sebagai simpatisan Sekutu yang telah mengingkari kebijakan netralitas Vatikan.[3]
Catatan
suntingReferensi
sunting- ^ Gilbert, Martin (2001). "Final Solution". In Dear, Ian; Foot, Richard D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 285–292. ISBN 0-19-280670-X.
- ^ Coppa, Frank J. (2025-05-05) [Originally published 29 June 2006]. "Pius XII". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 2025-03-28. Diakses tanggal 2025-05-07.
- ^ a b "Roman Catholicism: the period of the world wars". Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 February 2016.
Bibliografi
sunting- Bokenkotter, Thomas S. (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50584-0.
- Burleigh, Michael (2006). Sacred causes: religion and politics from the European dictators to Al Qaeda. HarperPress. ISBN 9780060580957.
- Chadwick, Owen (1988). Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36825-4.
- Cornwell, John (1999). Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-029627-3.
- Dalin, David G. (2005). The Myth of Hitler's Pope: Pope Pius XII And His Secret War Against Nazi Germany. Regnery. ISBN 978-1-59698-185-0.
- Falconi, Carlo (1967). The Popes in the Twentieth Century: from Pius X to John XXIII. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
- Falconi, Carlo (1970). The Silence of Pius XII. Little, Brown. ISBN 0-571-09147-4.
- Friedländer, Saul (2007). The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-81877-9.
- Gilbert, Martin (1987). The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-0348-2.
- Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (2002). A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42444-0.
- Gutman, Israel (1990). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-896090-6.
- Hilberg, Raul (2003) [1961]. The Destruction of the European Jews. Vol. I (Edisi 3rd). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09557-9.
- Hoffmann, Peter (1996). History of the German Resistance, 1933-1945. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-1531-4.
- Johnson, Paul (1976). A History of Christianity. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-689-70591-5.
- Kertzer, David I. (2002). Unholy War: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-semitism. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-78042-8.
- Lapide, Pinchas (1967). Three Popes and the Jews. Hawthorn Books.
- Lewy, Guenter (1964). The Catholic Church And Nazi Germany. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780297169215.
- Lichten, Joseph L. (1963). A question of judgment: Pius XII and the Jews. National Catholic Welfare Conference.
- McInerny, Ralph (2001). The Defamation of Pius XII. St. Augustine's Press. ISBN 978-1-890318-66-6.
- Morley, John F. (1980). Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews During the Holocaust 1939-1943. New York: KTAV. ISBN 978-0-87068-701-3.
- Passelecq, Georges; Suchecky, Bernard (1998). The Hidden Encyclical of Pius XI. Harcourt Brace. ISBN 978-0-15-600631-6.
- Perl, William R. (1989). The Holocaust Conspiracy: An International Policy of Genocide. SP Books. ISBN 978-0-944007-24-2.
- Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253214713.
- Phayer, Michael (2008). Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253349309.
- Pius XII (20 October 1939). "Summi Pontificatus". Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
- Rychlak, Ronald J. (2000). Hitler, the War, and the Pope. Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 978-1-58571-006-5. Also see Amazon Online Reader
- Sánchez, José M. (2002). Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy. CUA Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-1080-3.
- Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729.
- Wills, Garry (2000). Papal Sin: Structures of Deceit. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-385-50477-5.
- Zuccotti, Susan (2000). Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08487-0.
- The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report (Report). International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission. 31 October 2000.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
sunting- Conway, John S. (January 1965). "The Silence of Pope Pius XII". The Review of Politics. 27 (1): 105–131. doi:10.1017/s0034670500006665. JSTOR 1405429. S2CID 145551847.
- Coppa, Frank J. "Pope Pius XII: From the Diplomacy of Impartiality to the Silence of the Holocaust." Journal of Church and State 55.2 (2013): 286-306 online.
- Deák, István (2001). Essays on Hitler's Europe. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6630-8.
- Friedländer, Saul (1966). Pius XII and the Third Reich: A Documentation. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-374-92930-0.
- Friedländer, Saul (2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution 1933-1939. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-197985-9.
- Gallo, Patrick J., ed. (2006). Pius XII, the Holocaust and the Revisionists: Essays. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-8066-1.
- Heift, Andreas (1999). Der Vatikan im Zweiten Weltkrieg - Vom Schweigen und Bekennen (dalam bahasa Jerman). GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-74901-5.
- Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534635-0.
- Reitlinger, Gerald (2016) [1953]. The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5304-7812-5.
- Scheinmann, M.M. (1954). Der Vatikan in Zweiten Weltreig (dalam bahasa Jerman). Berlin. Pemeliharaan CS1: Lokasi tanpa penerbit (link)
- Scholder, Klaus (1987). The Churches and the Third Reich. SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-01919-0.
- Zolli, Eugenio (2008) [1954]. Before the Dawn: Autobiographical Reflections. Ignatius Press. ISBN 978-1-58617-287-9. Also see Amazon Online Reader
Pranala luar
sunting- Group Gives New Proof of Pius XII's Help for Jews.
- Hitler's Pope A Judgment Historically Unsustainable by Tarcisio Bertone
- Understanding the Vatican During the Nazi Period by Michael Marrus
 | Artikel bertopik Katolik ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. |
 | Artikel bertopik sejarah ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya. |
