ใใณใธใฃใใณใปใใคใตใณใปใซใผใใผใพ๏ผBenjamin Nathan Cardozoใ1870ๅนด5ๆ24ๆฅ โ 1938ๅนด7ๆ9ๆฅ๏ผใฏใใขใกใชใซใฎ่ฃๅคๅฎใๅผ่ญทๅฃซใ
ไบบ็ฉ
็ทจ้1870ๅนดใใใฅใผใจใผใฏใง็ใพใใใ็ถ่ฆชใขใซใใผใใฏใใฅใผใจใผใฏๅทใฎ้ซไฝ่ฃๅคๆใฎๅคไบใๅใใไบบ็ฉใใพใใ่ฉฉไบบใจใใปใฉใถใฉในใฏใใจใใ็ฅ็ถๆฏใฏไธกๆนใจใใใซใใฌใซ็ณปใฎใฆใใคๆๅพ(ใปใใกใซใใฃใ )ใงใใฃใใ1879ๅนดใซๆฏใฌใใใซใไบกใใใไธปใซ11ๆญณๅนดไธใฎๅงใใซใซ่ฒใฆใใใใๅฝๆใฎๅฝผใฎๅฎถๅบญๆๅธซใฎไธไบบใซใๅฐ่ชฌๅฎถใฎใใฌใคใทใงใปใขใซใธใฃใผใใใ[2]ใ15ๆญณใงใณใญใณใใขๅคงๅญฆใซๅ ฅๅญฆใใๆ็ธพๅช็ง่ ใฎๅๆไผใงใใใใกใคใปใใผใฟใปใซใใใซ้ธใฐใใ[3]ใใใฎๅพใใณใญใณใใขๅคงๅญฆๆณ็งๅคงๅญฆ้ขใซ้ฒใฟใ1891ๅนดใซๅผ่ญทๅฃซ่ฉฆ้จใซๅๆ ผใใฆใใใฅใผใจใผใฏใง้ๆฅญใใ[4]ใ
1914ๅนดใใใฅใผใจใผใฏๅท้ซไฝ่ฃๅคๆใฎๅคไบใซ้ธใฐใใๅๅนดใซใฏใฆใใค็ณปใงๅใใฆใๅๅทไธ่จด่ฃๅคๆใฎๅคไบใซๆๆขใใใใ1932ๅนดใใใผใใผใใปใใผใดใกใผๅคง็ตฑ้ ใซใใฃใฆใใชใชใใผใปใฆใงใณใใซใปใใผใ ใบใปใธใฅใใขใฎๅพไปปใจใใฆๅ่กๅฝๆ้ซ่ฃๅคๆใฎ้ชๅธญๅคไบใซๆๅใใใใๅ ฑๅๅ ใฎใใผใดใกใผใๆฐไธปๅ ็ณปใฎใซใผใใผใพใๆๅใใใใจใฏใๆ้ซ่ฃไบบไบใฎไธญใงใใๆฟๆฒป็ๅๆฉใใใงใฏใชใ็ด็ฒใซๅธๆณใธใฎ่ฒข็ฎใ่ฎใใฆ่กใใใๆฐๅฐใชใไพใจใใ[5]ใๅฝๆใฎๆฐไธปๅ ไธ้ข่ญฐๅกใฏใฉใฌใณในใปใฏใชใผใดใฉใณใใปใใฃใซใฏใๅฝผ(ใใผใดใกใผ)ใฎๅคง็ตฑ้ ใจใใฆใฎ็ตๆญดใฎไธญใงๆ้ซใฎๆฏใ่ใใใจ็งฐใใ[6]ใ1937ๅนดใซๅฟ่็บไฝใ่ตทใใใ1938ๅนดๆญปๅปใ
ๆๆณ
็ทจ้ใใผใ ใบๅคไบใฎ็ต้จไธป็พฉ็ใปใใฉใฐใใใฃใบใ ็ๅด้ขใ็ถๆฟใใใใผใใผใใปใญใผใปในใฏใผใซใฎใญในใณใผใปใใฆใณใใใซใคในใปใใฉใณใใคในๅคไบใจๅ ฑใซใ20ไธ็ดๅๅใฎ็คพไผๅญฆ็ๆณๅญฆ๏ผSociological Jurisprudence๏ผใฎๆฝฎๆตใ็ฝๅผใใ[7]ใๅฝผใฏ้ทๅนดใฎๅฎๅ็ต้จใซๅบใฅใใ่ฃๅคๅฎใ็ซๆณ่ ใซๆบใใๆณๅต้ ็ไปปๅใๆใฃใฆใใใใจใๆใใใซใใไธใงใใใฎ่ฃๅคๆนๆณใๅฒๅญฆ็ใๆญดๅฒ็ใไผ็ตฑ็ใใใณใใใ3ใคใฎ้ธๆๅบๆบใใ็คพไผๅญฆ็ๆนๆณใซๅ้กใใๅธๆณ้็จใฎ็ต้จ็็ ็ฉถใฎใใใใใจใชใฃใ[8]ใ
ไธปใช่ๆธ
็ทจ้- ใๅธๆณ้็จใฎๆง่ณชใ1921ๅนด
- ใๆณใฎๆ้ทใ1924ๅนด
- ใๆณๅพๅญฆไธใฎ็็พๅฏพ็ซใ1928ๅนด
้ฆ่จณ
็ทจ้- (ๅฎๅฑๅ่ผ)ใๅธๆณ้็จใฎๆง่ณชใ(ไธญๅคฎๅคงๅญฆๅบ็้จ,1966ๅนด)
- (ๅฎๅฑๅ่ผ)ใๆณๅพๅญฆไธใฎ็็พๅฏพ็ซใ(ไธญๅคฎๅคงๅญฆๅบ็้จ,1968ๅนด)
่ๆณจ
็ทจ้- ^ โJustices 1789 to Presentโ. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. 2022ๅนด2ๆ15ๆฅ้ฒ่ฆงใ
- ^ Christopher L. Tomlins"The United States Supreme Court"(Houghton Mifflin, 2005ๅนด)467้
- ^ "Supreme Court Justices Who Are Phi Beta Kappa Members" Phi Beta Kappa website
- ^ "The United States Supreme Court"(ๅๆฒๆณจ1)ๅ้
- ^ James Taranto, Leonard Leo"Presidential Leadership"(Wall Street Journal Books,2004ๅนด)
- ^ ใใฅใผใจใผใฏใปใฟใคใ ใบ1932ๅนด3ๆ2ๆฅใ13้
- ^ ไธญๅฑฑ็ซไธใไบๅไธ็ดใฎๆณๆๆณใ(ๅฒฉๆณขๆธๅบ,2000ๅนด)65้
- ^ ็ฐไธญๆๆใ็พไปฃๆณ็ๅญฆใ(ๆๆ้ฃ,2011ๅนด)452้
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