Pumpokol (Pumpokol: gebeล-aj[1]) is one of the Yeniseian languages, formerly spoken by the Pumpokol people (Gebรฉล). It has been extinct since the 18th century. It shares many features with the ancient Xiongnu[5] and Jie languages,[6] and according to Alexander Vovin, Edward Vajda, and รtienne de la Vaissiรจre, is closely related to them. It is poorly attested, and some of the vocabulary has been identified as being Yugh, not Pumpokol.[7]
| Pumpokol | |
|---|---|
| Gebรฉล-aj, Gebรจng-ai[1] | |
| Nativeย to | Russia |
| Region | Yenisei |
| Ethnicity | Pumpokols |
| Extinct | 1740[2] |
Yeniseian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xpm |
xpm | |
| Glottolog | pump1237 |
 The historical, pre-contact range of Pumpokol.[3] | |
Classification
editIt has traditionally been viewed as being grouped with Arin in an Arin-Pumpokol subfamily of Southern Yeniseian, but Vajda (2024) challenges this, stating that "Arin, Pumpokol and Kott-Assan display no shared innovations to support them as an opposite "'Southern Yeniseian' branch" of Yeniseian, reflecting only their geographical position rather than a genealogical grouping.[3] According to O. Tailleur, it should be considered a dialect of the Ket language, as most materials labeled 'Pumpokol' are in reality of Ketic affiliation, not Pumpokol. Furthermore, the term 'Pumpokol' was originally geographic, referring to the name of a town and a former district (volost),[8] originating from Khanty: pum-poxษl "grassy village".[7][3] Pumpokols and Yughs frequently mixed with each other in the Pumpokol volost. This may be the reason for the mislabeling of these words.
Phonology
editPumpokol is notable among the Yeniseian languages in that the phoneme /s/ is often replaced by /t/. This idiosyncrasy of Pumpokol seems to be shared with the language of the Jie, suggesting that Jie is more closely related to Pumpokol than other Yeniseian languages. For example the Jie word kot 'catch' seems to be a cognate with the Ket word qos, having the same sound change.[6]
Moreover, this aforementioned characteristic of Pumpokol has been used by Vajda to demonstrate that Yeniseian-derived hydronyms in northern Mongolia (the southernmost known extent of Yeniseian influence), -tat, -dat, -tet, -det, -tom, -dษจt are exclusively Pumpokolic.[6][1] Since the Jie, as a tribe of the Xiongnu, are likely to have come from the same area, rather than further north, this finding lends credence to the possibility that Jie is a Pumpokolic language.
Vowels
editThe reconstructed vowels of Pumpokol are as follows, based on G. F. Mรผller's materials:[1]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i [i] | ษจ [ษจ] | u [u] |
| Close-mid | e [e] | o [o] | |
| Open-mid | ษ [ษ] | ษ [ษ] | |
| Open | a [a] |
Consonants
editAccording to G. F. Mรผller's notes, the consonants of Pumpokol are as follows:[1]
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p [p] | t [t] | (tสผ [tสฒ]) | k [k] | q [q] | (ส [ส])1 |
| voiced | b [b] | d [d] | (dสผ [dสฒ]) | g [g] (gสผ [gสฒ]) | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] | x [ฯ], xสผ [ฯสฒ] | -h- [h]?2 | ||
| voiced | (v [v]) | (z [z]) | (ลพ [ส]) | ||||
| Affricate | (pf [pf] pสฐ [pสฐ]) | c [tอกs] | ฤ [tอกส] (dลพ [dอกส]) | ||||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | (nสผ [nสฒ]) | ล [ล] | |||
| Lateral | l [l] | (lสผ [lสฒ]) | |||||
| Approximant | j [j] | ||||||
| Trill | r [r] | ||||||
- [ส] only occurs as a prosodic device of tone, as in other Yeniseian languages.[1]
- Pumpokol word-initial [h] only sometimes corresponds to Arin [k], and is not present in other Yeniseian languages.
The phonemes โจฤโฉ, โจdสผโฉ, and โจdลพโฉ are allophones of โจฤโฉ, โจkโฉ and โจgโฉ are allophones of โจkโฉ, and โจxโฉ, โจqโฉ and โจxสผโฉ are allophones of โจฯโฉ.[1] Thus, the phonemes in brackets are not really phonologically relevant.
Sibilant phonemes are absent in words of native Yeniseian origin.[9]
Vocabulary
editSelected Pumpokol words are presented here, sourced from Werner 2005.[1]
| Word | Meaning | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| ab | father | |
| am | mother | |
| ak | to lie down | |
| hรณxon | forest, tree | |
| eg | egg | cf. Ket ษหj |
| fala | son | |
| falla | boy, son | |
| hixem | Sun | |
| xaj | mountain | |
| kut | horse | |
| meลพa | measure | Russian loan |
| pรญkola | daughter, girl | |
| hukรบt | house, village | Literally "together-tent" |
| Pumpokol words in Pallas 1789[10] | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian gloss | ะฑะพะณ | ะฝะตะฑะพ | ะฒะตัะตั | ะปะตั | ะดะตัะตะฒะพ | ะทะตะผะปั | ะฟะพะปะต | ัะฝะตะณ | ะฒะพะดะฐ | ะดัั | ะฒะธะฝะพ | ัะฒะธะฝัั | ัััะด | ะทะดะพัะพะฒ | ะพะฝะธ |
| English translation | God | sky, heaven | evening | forest | tree | earth | field | snow | water | spirit | wine | pig | work | healthy | they |
| Pumpokol translation | ะตั | ะตั | ะฑะธัะธะดะธ, ะฑะธัั | ะฐะบั | ะพะบัั | ะฑะธะฝะณ | ะตะผะฑะฐะณั | ััะณั, ะฑะตัั | ัะปั | ะฑะตะน | ะฑะธะฝะพ | ัะพั ะธัะธัั | ะธัะดะปะตะณ | ะตััะบะตัั | ะฑัะตะณั |
Numerals
edit| No. | Numerals (Werner 2005) | Numerals (Pallas 1789) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | xรบta | ั ัฬัะฐ |
| 2 | hรญnษaล ~ hรญnษa | ะฝะธะฝะตะฐะฝะณั |
| 3 | dรณลa | ะดะพะฝะณะฐ |
| 4 | ciaล | ัะธฬะฐะฝะณั |
| 5 | hรฉjlaล | ั ะตฬะฝะปะฐะฝะณั |
| 6 | aษกษกiaล ~ รกษกiang | ะฐะณะณััะฝะณั |
| 7 | รณnสผaล | ะพะฝััะฝะณั |
| 8 | hinbasiaล | ะณฬงะธะฝะฑะฐัััะฐะฝะณั |
| 9 | xรบta-xamรณssa-xaรญaล | ั ัฬัะฐ-ัะผะพััะฐ-ั ะฐะนัะฝะณั |
| 10 | xaiรกล (xajรกล) | ั ะฐะนัะฝะณั |
| 11 | xรบta-iga-xaiรกล | |
| 12 | hรญnษa-xaiรกล | |
| 20 | hรฉdiaล | |
| 30 | doลbaksษจn | |
| 40 | situdi | |
| 50 | xeiltudi | |
| 60 | altudi | |
| 70 | รณntudi | |
| 80 | hinbassitudi | |
| 90 | xatรณsaxa | |
| 100 | รบtamsa | ััะฐะฝัะฐ |
| 200 | hin-รบtamsa | |
| 300 | doล-รบtamsa | |
| 400 | ci-รบtamsa | |
| 500 | xeil-รบtamsa | |
| 600 | ag-รบtamsa | |
| 700 | on-รบtamsa | |
| 800 | hintassi-รบtamsa | |
| 900 | xatรณssa-xรกga-รบtamsa | |
| 1000 | xa-รบtamsa | ั ะฐ-ััะฐะฝัะฐ |
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i Werner, Heinrich (2005). Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts. Verรถffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBNย 978-3-447-05239-9.
- ^ "The ASJP Database - Wordlist Pumpokol". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ^ a b c d Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp.ย 365โ480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBNย 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 2024-06-26
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ^ Fortescue, Michael D.; Vajda, Edward J. (2022). Mid-holocene language connections between Asia and North America. Brill's studies in the indigenous languages of the Americas. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBNย 978-90-04-43681-7.
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2000). "Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal. 44 (1): 87โ104. JSTORย 41928223.
- ^ a b c Vovin, Alexander; Vajda, Edward; de la Vaissiรจre, Etienne (2016). "Who Were the *Kjet (็พฏ) and What Language Did They Speak?". Journal Asiatique. 304 (1): 125โ144. doi:10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838.
- ^ a b Georg, Stefan; Georg, Stefan (2007). Introduction, phonology, morphology. A descriptive grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) / Stefan Georg. Folkestone: Global Oriental. ISBNย 978-1-901903-58-4.
- ^ Batashev, Mikhail S. (June 2013). "Ethnic History of Indigenous Peoples of the Yeniseysky Uyezd in the 17 Century and Their Fortunes". Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences.
- ^ "ะัะผะฟะพะบะพะปััะบะธะน ัะทัะบ | ะะธะฑะปะธะพัะตะบะฐ ัะธะฑะธััะบะพะณะพ ะบัะฐะตะฒะตะดะตะฝะธั". bsk.nios.ru. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
- ^ Pallas, Peter Simon (1786). Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa (in Russian). Schnoor.
- ^ Pallas, Peter Simon (1789). Linguarum Totius Orbis Vocabularia Comparativa, Pars 2. pp.ย 484โ485.
